Hazard and risks from brominated flame retardants as persistent organic pollutants from solid waste

Slađana Alagić; Silvana Dimitrijević; Aleksandra Ivanović

doi:10.30544/RSD26

Autori

Slađana Alagić University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, Bor, Serbia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2893-9285
Silvana Dimitrijević Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-4275
Aleksandra Ivanović Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Bor, Serbia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0562-2824

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30544/RSD26

Ključne reči:

čvrsti otpad, BFRs, ponašanje u životnoj sredini

Apstrakt

Čvrsti otpad, a posebno elektronski otpad, je rastući ekološki problem širom sveta. Ekspanzija svetskog tržišta električnih i elektronskih produkata se ubrzava, što predstavlja dodatnu poteškoću, jer je u njima prisutan široki spektar opasnih hemikalija. Ovo kasnije stvara ozbiljne probleme u rukovanju, odlaganju i recikliranju. Bromirani usporivači gorenja (Brominated Flame Retardants, BFRs) su samo jedna od klasa opasnih hemikalija, a nekoliko njih se proizvode u značajnim količinama. Oni se dodaju plastikama koje se koriste u proizvodima kao što su kućni električni aparati, tekstili, plastične pene itd., radi preveniranja požara. Prisustvo BFRs je bilo zabeleženo i u zemljištu i u vodi, a izloženi su i očigledni dokazi da njihovi nivoi u životnoj sredini rastu. Ovo je posebno evidentno u okolini mesta za odlaganje elektronskog otpada. Ovi povišeni nivoi mogu da prouzrokuju negativne efekte kod osetljivih ljudskih populacija kao što su trudnice, fetusi u razvoju, deca, konzumenti riblje hrane i radnici koji rade na elektronskim otpadima. Krajne toksikološke tačke u vezi sa povišenim nivoima BFRs, najverovatnije su: remećenje funkcije tiroidnog hormona, deficit u neurološkom razvoju i kancer. Međutim, naše znanje o ovim hemikalijama, njihovim izvorima, ponašanju u životnoj sredini i toksičnosti još uvek je ograničeno. Potrebne su dodatne studije koje bi bile fokusirane na pojedinačne kongenere. Evaluaciono modelovanje može biti izuzetno korisno u određivanju implikacija BFRs na životnu sredinu.

Reference

*** (2007) Report on alternatives to the flame retardant DECA BDE: Evaluation of toxicity, availability, affordability and fire safety issues. Illinois: Environmental Protection Agency, Mar., http://www.epa.state.il.us

Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjödin, A., Bergman, A. (2003) An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment international, 29(6): 683-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1

Alaee, M., Wenning, R.J. (2002) The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: Current understanding, issues and challenges. Chemosphere, 46(5): 579-82

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00224-7

Alagić, S., Urošević, S. (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls: Two banned BFRs classes. u: YUCORR (XII), International conference "Cooperation of researches of different branches in the fields of corrosion, materials protection and environmental protection", Tara, Serbia, 18-21 May, PS28

Alagić, S.Č. (2012) Toksikologija. Beograd: Tehnički fakultet

Alagić, S., Urošević, S. (2010) Organobromni usporivači gorenja - supstance nepoželjne za zaštitu materijala od dejstva vatre. Zaštita materijala, vol. 51, br. 1, str. 43-49

Betts, K.S. (2008) New Thinking on Flame Retardants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116 (5) str. 211-213

https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.116-a210

Birnbaum, L.S., Staskal, D.F. (2004) Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern?. Environmental health perspectives, 112(1): 9-17

https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6559

Cakić, S., Lačnjevac, Č., Rajković, M., Rašković, L., Stamenković, J. (2011) Proces umrežavanja vodenih poliuretanskih sistema. Zaštita materijala, vol. 52, br. 1, str. 43-48

Cousins, I.T., Palm, A. (2003) Physical-Chemical Properties and Estimated Environmental Fate of Brominated and Iodinated Organic Compounds. u: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3, Part R, 301-334

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37055-0_5

de Wit, C.A. (2002) An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46(5): 583-624

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00225-9

Hooper, K., McDonald, T.A. (2000) The pbdes: An emerging environmental challenge and another reason for breast-milk monitoring programs. Environmental health perspectives, 108(5): 387-92

https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108387

Lee, H., Peart, T.E. (2002) Organic contaminants in Canadian municipal sewage sludge Part I. Toxic or endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 37(4), 681-696

https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.046

Mackay, D. (2001) u: Multimedia environmental models: The fugacity approach, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2nd Ed, str. 261

https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420032543

Mackay, D., di Guardo, A., Paterson, S., Cowan, C.E. (1996) Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15(9): 1627-1637

https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150929

Meerts, I.A., Zanden, J.J., Luijks, E.A., Leeuwen-Bol, I., Marsh, G., Jakobsson, E., Bergman, A., Brouwer, A. (2000) Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro. Toxicological sciences , 56(1): 95-104

https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/56.1.95

Mihajlov, A. (2010) Segment održivog korišćenja prirodnih resursa i integralnog upravljanja odpadom: reciklaža. Reciklaža i održivi razvoj, 3(1): 1-8

Norén, K., Meironyté, D. (1998) Contaminants in Swedish human milk. Decreasing levels of organohlorine and increasing levels of organobromine compounds. Organohalogen Compounds, (38): 1-

Pavlíková, D., Macek, T., Macková, M., Pavlík, M. (2007) Technical note monitoring native vegetation on a dumpsite of PCB-contaminated soil. International journal of phytoremediation, 9(1): 71-8

https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510601139433

Qu, W., Bi, X., Sheng, G., Lu, S., Fu, J., Yuan, J., Li, L. (2007) Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers among workers at an electronic waste dismantling region in Guangdong, China. Environment international, 33(8): 1029-34

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.009

Wan, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, K., An, L. (2008) Trophodynamics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Marine Food Web of Bohai Bay, North China. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(4): 1078-1083

https://doi.org/10.1021/es0720560

Watanabe, I., Tatsukawa, R. (1989) Anthropogenic brominated aromatics in the Japanese environment. u: Workshop on brominated aromatic flame retardants, Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden, 24-26 October, Proceedings, 63-71

Watanabe, I., Kawano, M., Wang, Y., Tatsukawa, R. (1992) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and -dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in atmospheric air in Taiwan and Japan. Organohalogen Compounds, (9): 309-312

Watanabe, O., Kashimoto, T., Tatsukawa, R. (1987) Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan. Chemosphere, 16(10-12): 2389-2396

https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(87)90297-9

Xia, K., Luo, M.B., Lusk, C., Armbrust, K., Skinner, L., Sloan, R. (2008) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Biota Representing Different Trophic Levels of the Hudson River, New York: From 1999 to 2005. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(12): 4331

https://doi.org/10.1021/es703049g